Bankruptcy Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 11 Law - Essay Example Each case can document any of these sorts of liquidation, be that as it may, a particular section might be more qualified for every individual case. Section 11 is for the most part liquidation for business and its motivation is to redesign the obligation of the business. Rearrangement separates the credit accounts into various classes and resources are then condensed and dispersed. The borrower can devise an arrangement of revamping for the endorsement of the court inside a 120-day cutoff time or the account holder can demand a court designated trustee to design the rearrangement. This section of liquidation permits the business to keep on working during the chapter 11 under the oversight of Bankruptcy Court. Part 11 takes into consideration liquidation of the business resources that are not quickly required for the activity of the business and an arrangement for installment of the advantages required for the activity of the business. This will permit the sole owner for this situation to remain in business and she can change her business to a progressively appropriate and beneficial business under the oversight of the court while simultaneously dispensing with most of her obligation. For this situation, the indebted person should document section 7 liquidation. The borrower is doled out a trustee who exchanges resources and afterward partitions the returns decently among the lenders.

Call Center Manager

The BCG network strategy depends on the item life cycle hypothesis that can be utilized to figure out what needs ought to be given in the item arrangement of a specialty unit. To guarantee long haul esteem creation, an organization ought to have an arrangement of items that contains both high-development items needing money information sources and low-development items that produce a great deal of money. It has 2 measurements: piece of the overall industry and market development. The essential thought behind it is that the greater the piece of the overall industry an item has or the quicker the item's market develops, the better it is for the organization. Setting items in the BCG framework brings about 4 classes in an arrangement of an organization: †¢ Cash Cow †a specialty unit that has an enormous piece of the overall industry in a develop, slow developing industry. Money bovines require little speculation and create money that can be utilized to put resources into different specialty units. †¢ Star †a specialty unit that has an enormous piece of the pie in a quickly developing industry. Stars may create money, but since the market is developing quickly they expect speculation to keep up their lead. On the off chance that fruitful, a star will turn into a money dairy animals when its industry develops. Question Mark (or Problem Child) †a specialty unit that has a little piece of the pie in a high development showcase. These specialty units expect assets to develop piece of the pie, yet whether they will succeed and become stars is obscure. †¢ Dog †a specialty unit that has a little piece of the pie in a develop industry. A canine may not require significant money, yet it ties up capital that could all the more likely be conveyed somewhere else. Except if a pooch has some other key reason, it ought to be exchanged if there is little possibility for it to pick up piece of the overall industry. pic] Some restrictions of the Boston Consulting Group Matrix include: †¢ High piece of the overall industry isn't the main achievement factor †¢ Market development isn't the main pointer for engaging quality of a market †¢ Sometimes Dogs can gain considerably more money as Cash Cows The BCG Matrix technique can help comprehend a much of the time committed procedure error: having a one-size-fits-all-way to deal with methodology, for example, a conventional development target (9 percent for each year) or a nonexclusive profit for capital of state 9. % for a whole enterprise. In such a situation: A. Money Cows Business Units will beat their benefit target effectively; their administration have a simple activity and are regularly lauded at any rate. Far and away more terrible, they are regularly permitted to reinvest generous money sums in their organizations which are adult and not developing any longer. B. Pooches Business Units face an outlandish conflict and, much more dreadful, speculations are made once in a while in miserable endeavors to ‘turn the business around'. C. Therefore (all) Question Marks and Stars Business Units get average size venture reserves. Along these lines they can't ever become money dairy animals. These insufficient put away wholes of cash are a misuse of cash. Either these SBUs ought to get enough speculation assets to empower them to accomplish a genuine market predominance and become a money cow (or star), or in any case organizations are encouraged to disinvest and attempt to get whatever conceivable money impossible denotes that were not chosen.

Critical Review Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States essays

Basic Review Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States articles Students of history and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States Just a minority of the whites claimed slaves, consistently almost three-fourths of the white families in the South all in all held no slaves; slave possession in the South was not broad; not in excess of a fourth of the white heads of families were slave proprietors, and even in the cotton expresses the extent was short of what 33%; in 1850, just one of every three claimed any Negroes; just before the Civil War, the apportion was one out of four; and slave proprietors presumably made up not exactly 33% of southern whites. From the US History reading material in a primary school to the Civil War diaries of a significant college, these lines are republished and rehashed trying to shape the view of the general population and to facilitate the uncertainties of a country humiliated by subjection, an establishment that as far as anyone knows defaced its magnificent history, or so says Otto H. Olsen. In an article that shows up in the diary of Civil War History of 1972 entitled, Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States Olsen endeavors to challenge the broadly acknowledged thought that slave proprietorship was kept to just a couple of southern white estate proprietors and that a large portion of the white populace was unaffected by it. The writer spends almost 50% of his thirty-seven passage article showing the over a significant time span mentalities of everybody through a few contextual analyses which he records sequentially and clarifies to sum things up detail. He attempts to ruin a bunch of them while, simultaneously, infusing his own perspectives. While trying to convince the peruser he sets up his side of the discussion by refering to a couple of contextual investigations that advance his theory and finishes up by relating his very own portion feelings and discoveries including an examination where he makes an apparently solid correlation b etween thos... <!

The Doctor in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest - Literature Essay Samples

Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is part of a select club of books that yield both fantastic reads and excellent film adaptions. The movie is enjoyable even though it altered the book, both for the sake of brevity and for artistic flair. One of these changes from book to movie is in the character of Dr. Spivey. When transformed from book to movie, Dr. Spivey remains a minor character who appears only briefly in both, but plays a more crucial role in the movie because the movie focuses on McMurphy; here, Dr. Spivey’s actions directly impact McMurphy’s development. Kesey’s book is narrated from the perspective of Bromden, an insane Native American who pretends to be mute. Bromden’s first person narrative works well in the book because it provides a candid account of the events in the asylum. However, Bromden’s narrative includes frequent hallucinations which make for interesting reading in the book, but would have been difficult to portray in the movie. The written word is highly suitable when we enter Bromden’s schizophrenic mind, but the medium of the movie cannot easily convey well such inner thoughts even if the audience were able to â€Å"hear† the thoughts. That may be why the movie uses the third person perspective and Bromden is dropped as the narrator. We know nothing about his internal thoughts and can only see what he and the other characters do. This change from book to film was also necessary since one cannot have a mute character be the narrator without the benefit of seeing into the characterâ⠂¬â„¢s mind. Bromden had to dropped as narrator in order for the move to be successful. At the same time, the movie promotes McMurphy as protagonist. This is not surprising since the role of McMurphy went to Jack Nicholson, who was already a Hollywood star, with the potential to make this movie a blockbuster. Forman, the director of the movie, chose to focus on McMurphy’s character, and made him highly appealing to the audience. Whereas, in the book, the reader may have disliked some of McMurphy’s actions (most notably when he scams the ward out of money by having Chief lift the control console), viewers of the movie soundly support McMurphy, cheering him on in his rebellion against Nurse Ratched and the authorities. With such star power as Jack Nicholson’s, it is only natural that a director would want McMurphy to be the focus of the movie and push Bromden aside for most of the movie. The difference in McMurphy’s role (between book and movie) is so sharp that it impacts the role of minor characters such as Dr. Spivey. In both book and movie, Dr. Spivey is in charge of diagnosing whether or not McMurphy is actually insane or if he is simply trying to get out of work. However, when carrying out this task, the doctor in the movie is quite different from that of the doctor in the book. The doctor is a somewhat weak character in the book, but strong in the movie. Further, his role in the movie (compared to the book) has a greater impact on McMurphy because McMurphy is the focus of the movie. In the book, the doctor seems amused and delighted by McMurphy when he first meets him during the first interview. Bromden states, â€Å"He’s smiling a little as he turns through the folder, just as tickled by this new man’s brassy way of talking right up as the rest of us, but, just like the rest of us, he’s careful not to let himself come right out and laugh.â€Å"(45). Later in the book. Dr. Spivey becomes friendly towards McMurphy when he realizes that McMurphy and he went to same high school. Dr. Spivey is not so easygoing in the movie. In the book, at a meeting with the interns and Nurse Ratched, Dr. Spivey shows he is too afraid to take a decision about McMurphy and, instead, he asks the others for their opinion of McMurphy: â€Å"[H]e is a disturbing factor, that’s obvious. So—ah—as I see it, our course in this discussion is to decide what action to take in dealing with him. I believe the nurse called this meeting—correct me if I’m off base here, Miss Ratched—to talk the situation out and unify the staff’s opinion of what should be done about Mr. McMurphy?†(133). Nurse Ratched called the meeting in the first place and the meeting not only implicitly focuses on pleasing her but ends up with the nurse taking over and having her way. On the other hand, in the movie, during both interviews with McMurphy, Dr Spivey is professional and decisive. During the first interview in the movie, the doctor speaks plainly to McMurphy: â€Å"Well, youre here for a ninety-day observation period, Mister McMurphy. Id like you to understand you are here on a court order and we are responsible to the state. So, Id like your cooperation.† During the second interview, he calls McMurphy out on faking insanity: â€Å"Yes, that may be so, but in making a careful study of your past record, along with your behavior since you arrived here, my feeling is that you are not mentally ill and it is going to be my recommendation that you be returned to Pendleton where they are better equipped to handle your case.† Dr Spivey does not waver nor relent when McMurphy protests that he is insane. The doctor insists that McMurphy should be discharged from the asylum despite the fact that the two most influential characters in the movie, McM urphy and Nurse Ratched, disagree (albeit for different reasons). In a clear departure from the book, Dr. Spivey is on the side of the authorities in the movie, and is an opponent to McMurphy. This shift is apparent in Dr. Spivey’s interviews with McMurphy, which force McMurphy to take a more aggressive stance and break more rules, and face serious consequences. McMurphy is lobotomized and Bromden is so shaken that he kills McMurphy and escapes the asylum. Dr. Spivey’s medical decision causes the downfall of McMurphy and led to Bromden’s actions at the end of the movie when he kills McMurphy and escapes. While clearly a horrible act, this shows his strong influence in the movie. Another difference from book to movie is in the doctor’s reactions to Nurse Ratched. In the book, the doctor is deferential towards the Nurse and even afraid of her. Harding says, â€Å"Doctor Spivey †¦ is exactly like the rest of us, McMurphy, completely conscious of his inadequacy. He’s a frightened, desperate, ineffectual little rabbit, totally incapable of running this ward without our Miss Ratched’s help, and he knows it. And, worse, she knows he knows it and reminds him every chance she gets† (59). It is also implied that the doctor is a drug addict and afraid that the nurse will report him and get him fired. He does not want to lose his job; therefore he keeps quiet and lets her run the ward her way until McMurphy comes along and inadvertently empowers the doctor. Before long, Dr. Spivey allows the patients to have recreational privileges and even hosts the fishing trip for the ward despite Nurse Ratched’s campaign against it. The doctor in the book is finally able to use his vision of proper psychiatric treatment which certainly doesn’t involve Nurse Ratched’s coercion and bullying. The doctor in the book even refuses to resign after Billy’s suicide and McMurphy’s attack on Nurse Ratched, a change of personality that might have been caused by watching McMurphy rebel. In contrast, in the movie, Dr. Spivey is clearly on the side of the authorities throughout. Dr. Spivey plays an important role in both the text and the movie, despite the small role that he is given. His role is that of an authority figure and he uses his authority to strongly impact the actions of the main character in the movie. However, he has less impact in the book on McMurphy’s character development.

Companys Corporate Social Responsibility Practices

In today’s free-market economy, where is your reputation stand for as a corporation often more matters than what products or services you offer. How the people feel about a company is solely based on their perceptions of good feelings, admiration, esteem, and finally, their trust in the company’s Corporate Social Responsibility practices (CSR). The companies with the best reputations will receive recognition from the public for their efforts and are on the right path of building a sustainable business for the future. A good reputation may include safe products and services, best workplace environment, financial performance, technology innovation, respectable leadership, socioeconomic justice, corporate governance and citizenship, and†¦show more content†¦Introduction Corporate social responsibility can be simply defined as the â€Å"business’s consideration of society’s well-being and consumer satisfaction, in addition to profits.† (Kurtz, 2015). The term Corporate Social Responsibility refers to a company who take responsibility to provide needy benefit to the society that support the company’s existing with consumer’s buying power. Social responsibility is considered a moral principle of a business entity. It is a duty of every business and its leadership in-charge to maintain the balance between business ethics and profit, and social responsibility. It is the social duty, the mission and commitment of the company to help improve the society by providing the best possible working and living conditions for its employees, their families, and effectively contributes to the community as a whole. Corporate Social Responsibility The social responsibility mission of the company may include actively reinforcing corporate policy on affirmative action to hire minority and disabled employees, charitable contributions to help improve the lives of the poor, taking an initiative and expresses attitudes on a political or social justice issues that may affect the community. Public corporations should engage in civil society by taking initiative in social responsibility because the government alone cannot maintain the prosperity of society just by using tax revenues. Microsoft and Corporate Social Responsibility. The software

The Between 19th And 18th Century Culture - 1804 Words

It’s no surprise that that 17th and 18th century culture differed greatly from today’s society. The beliefs, philosophy, and scientific theory from that time period have changed a lot over the course of time. Many common ideals from that era are considered ludicrous and bizarre today. One common belief held in 17th century cultures was the dominance of males in society. Men held all the power and played their patriarchal roles as heads of the family, this belief was assumed to be instituted by nature and God. The bible has influenced writers for centuries and it is used by people to justify life choices, and similarly, to point out flaws. The authority held by the Bible in early Britain allowed it to behave as the moral framework for the†¦show more content†¦I will make a helper suitable for him. (Genesis 2:18) Now it could be argued that this is God stating himself that woman is meant to be inferior to man. However, it is said that the word helper, is used to describe God, Himself, in Psalms 33:20. In Genesis 1:27, it is written that †¦God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. This statement implies equality within both genders and furthermore, it is written, Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground. (Genesis 2:27-28) This command given by God is directed at both Adam and Eve as it does not specify either one. The phrase â€Å"rule over† here is implying that man and woman are given equal amounts of power and it is meant to be practiced on animals and inferior beings, not any specific genders of humans. Although it seems that Adam are Eve are presented as equals, some portions of Genesis contradict this. When Adam and Eve disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden, they were each given punishments before being expelled from the Garden. To Adam God says, Because you listened to your wife and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, You must not eat of it, Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life. It will produce thorns and thistles

Honor killings free essay sample

Every religion has their own rules and beliefs. If you are brought up and your parents are of a religion in many ways they may try to influence you to have the same religion and follow the rules and guide lines of that religion. But times are changing and we are now in the year â€Å"2014†. It should be okay to choose you own way of living, what you want to wear. As well as whom you want to marry. Marriage is a bond between two people who love each other not with a person you for one don’t even know and for two are being forced to marry. So with that being said, yes, I believe that honor killings are simply domestic violence. It is murder! Our readings states that, â€Å"Interpersonal crime is crime perpetrated within social relationships (Collica Furst, 2012). The similarities that honor killings have with other interpersonal crimes is that the parties involved know each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Honor killings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are family. Also they are both mainly committed against women. As the article in our readings states, â€Å"honor killings† is a unique and disturbing form of interpersonal crime (Collica Furst, 2012). Honor killings involve murdering a family member whose actions are thought to have dishonored the family in some way (Collica Furst, 2012). Can you imagine knowing that you can and will be killed simply because of having your own beliefs, for wanting to marry someone you love other than the person that is being forced upon you, for having different taste in clothing (which many of us do), for speaking your own mind (freedom of speech), and just being unique or different (just being yourself). That is like having no freedom at all (like being in jail someone telling you what to do, where to go, what you have to wear, and what you can eat, and where you can go). Interpersonal violence/abuse and honor killings are similar in some ways because the person that is saying or doing things is trying to control the other person; they are causing fear in that person and causing harm to that person. Also most of the time these are done against women. Some of the differences in the two is that honor killings according to our readings is committed mainly by Muslims and domestic violence (which is a interpersonal crime) is by men of all faiths (religions), honor killings are planned and domestic violence is not, honor killing involve sometimes several family members and domestic violence is carried out by one man (Collica Furst, 2012). The best way for the criminal justice system to treat and respond to honor illings is to treat them as they are which is domestic violence/murders. No one should be allowed to take another human beings life. Everyone ha human rights. They need to charge them with murders and let the parties involved that this will not be tolerated. These victims before they are killed fear for their lives just as it states inour readings† One high-profile honor killing occurred on December 10, 2007, when 16-year-old Aqsa Parvez was murdered by her father, Muhammad, and brother, Waqas, in Canada. Parvez was killed because she refused to marry someone her parents had chosen for her. Her family also resented her refusal to wear traditional Islamic dress. Convinced her family members were conspiring to kill her, Parvez ran away from home. As she waited to board a bus, her father picked her up and, with the help of her brother, strangled his daughter to death (Collica Furst, 2012). This young girl knew what was going to happen and tried to flee but unfortunately she was able to and became another victim to these gruesome actions by the hands of her own father and brother. They should have shelters designed for this reason. I bet there are so many victims that would love to get out of the situation that they live in and this program would allow them an open door. A law needs to be passed that would prohibit these actions. I cannot believe that to this day you still have men telling their women what they can and cannot do, etc†¦

The Titanic Is One Of The Greatest And Most Known Boat Disaster In His

The Titanic is one of the greatest and most known boat disaster in history. On April 19, 1912, the Titanic was making good time towards New York, when it scraped against an iceberg. It sunk three hours later, before any boats could come and rescue the passengers still aboard. As we look back on the disaster today, we see many ways in which the tragedy might have been prevented, or lessened in severity. On April 19, the Titanic scraped against an iceberg leaving six big holes. They measured six feet long, six feet wide, and were located on the left side of the boat. The Titanic was originally designed so three of her twelve air-tight compartments could be filled with water and she would still be able to float. When the holes were created though, six of the compartments were filled, and the boat began to sink (Titanic 1). Hours before they reached the danger zone, Titanics crew was warned several times about the ice, and advised to slow down, or take another route. After two hours of the warnings, the wireless messaging system was turned off so that they would not have to listen to, or to the warnings, and they continued in the same direction at the same speed as before (Ballard, Robert). The Titanic was a great ship at its time said Rebecca Renkola (Kelly Thomas). That is part of the reason why the disaster occurred. People thought it was unsinkable, so they made no special precautions. For example, there were only the minimum required number of lifeboats aboard, and when the boat sank, the average number aboard was twenty-eight, when the maximum capacity was sixty. The day before she sunk, the lifeboat drill was canceled because of the belief that the boat could and would not sink. If they had had the lifeboat drill, more people might have been boarded into the lifeboats, and more lives might have been saved,said Rebecca Renkola (Kelly Thomas). Another way the disaster could have been prevented, was that if the crew had slowed the boat down, and not tried to show off by arriving early in New York, the boat might have been able to steer clear of the ice.. The belief most people have in how the Titanic sank, is because it hit an iceberg, Causing six holes, and then sank. But is that really what happened? According to a legend, the mummy of Princess of Amen-Ra, was thrown into the Nile River, and then found by four English men hundreds of years later. They transported the mummy to England, and within a week, every one of them died supposedly because of a curse. Once in England, the mummy was moved to a museum, but everyone who helped died just like the Four English men. Finally, after costing many lives, the mummy was placed on display. Still the restless spirit haunted the museum by ruining other exhibits,and killing the watchman at night. Eventually, the museum management sold the mummy to an English collector. Knowing that it would not be taken aboard the boat, he arranged for it to be hidden in the body of an automobile which was also bound for New York. On the day of her maiden voyage, the English man boarded with the boat with other first class passengers, and the voyage began. On April 19, knowing that there was no way to discard the mummy, the English man told the other passengers about his cursed cargo. Immediately, the boat picked up its speed and changed course. In a few hours, the boat struck an iceberg and began to sink to its present position at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. The boats name was the Titanic (Titanic 2). The majority of the survivors were women and children. In the first class, 54 men and 145 women survived, leaving 119 men and 11 women dead. In the second class, 15 men and 104 women survived, but 142 men, and 24 women were never accounted for. In the third class, the number of surviving men was 69 and for women 105, but 417 men and 119 women lost their lives. Titanics crew was made of 876 men, and the water 682 lives (Kelly Thomas).

Ethan Frome - Character Analysis

Ethan Frome - Character Analysis A disabled man, his wife and his mistress, living alone at the top of a hill in a small New England town; these elements seem to belong in the beginning of a cryptic murder mystery. Instead, it is the outcome of Edith Wharton's novel, Ethan Frome. Ethan, the protagonist, is affected by many circumstances surrounding him. Events spanning from the death of his mother to a tragic tobogganing accident have taken a toll on Ethan's mental and physical condition. The protagonist of Edith Wharton's novel, Ethan Frome, is highly influenced by the situations and circumstances he encounters.The most obvious circumstance affecting Ethan's life is the women that live with him. His wife, Zeena, is really a distant cousin that came to live with Ethan to care for his sick mother. Once his mother died, Zeena planned on moving back with her family. Suddenly she got 'sick' and needed Ethan to take care of her, so they married and Zeena stayed in Ethan's house.EthanWith all of Zeena's sudden ailments, t hey needed a girl to help around the house. Zeena's second cousin's daughter, Mattie, then came to live with the Fromes. Zeena continues to fake illness in order to get Ethan to pay attention to her. For instance, when Zeena and Ethan would fight and he said something to offend her, she would launch into a coughing fit, distracting Ethan from the argument and forcing him to pity her. On the other hand, there was the young girl Mattie. She was Zeena's absolute opposite. Where Zeena was quick-witted and smart, Mattie was absentminded, but she was the obvious beauty when compared to Zeena. To Ethan, Mattie was everything Zeena couldn't give him. Ethan was overcome with lust for this young girl. She used her positive qualities...

International Management Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Management Accounting - Case Study Example By using this technique, Toyota sets goals for cost reduction, and then tries to achieve these new targets through design changes that will accomplish the cost reduction goal. Toyota goes through a vigorous testing phase to judge the costs of the new design in comparison with the old one, in order to guarantee a cost reduction after implementation of the new technique. This is the main idea that Toyota uses to achieve their company wide goals. Toyota Co made changes to existing automobiles and not the design of new ones.There are several steps in the sequence of price, production, and cost decisions.Toyota first decides what the new retail price of the automobile is going to be by taking the old price and adding the value of any new functions.The sales division comes up with the suggested production volume, by taking past numbers and indexing them to market trends and the state of competitors.After all these figures have been set, the focus switches to cost planning.This cost plan is based on the product plan and the targets for retail price and production volume.Toyota establishes a profit target that is subtracted to determine their target cost. These cost planning decisions are made three years before they release the model. When Toyota estimates the approximate costs of a

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Humanities - Essay Example tarts with a statement ‘it is a truth acknowledged, universally, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (Austen 1813, pg. 3). This statement clearly tells us that this desire that is universally recognized. It is, however, a desire that is not inward. Not everyone who has a wealth wants to marry, if one ends up marrying and yet his desire is not to be married then it means he ends up living unauthentic life. Far from, your own true desires. You are not genuine in short. Community policies seem to dictate our lives. Most of these social rules and policies have to do with class and position in the society. If you are rich, a governor you end up relating with people of your own class and caliber. This is despite your desire to talk to the law in the society. Socially it is not accepted, and you end up being ridiculed (Austen 1813, pg. 8). The Benet family is connected to people who are in the trade. Therefore, they cannot associate with people who have inherited titles and wealth. If they do, it causes tension among aristocrats such as Lady Catherine de Bourgh. This book also shows the â€Å"polite† policies which the people engage in through the novel. For example, civilized people are expected to behave by the unspoken rules of the community. The rules are automatic. They do not show the real desires of an individual. This shows the effect of peoples beliefs. When Elizabeth is engaged to dance with Mr. Collins during the ball at Netherï ¬ eld, for example, she feels chagrin at his enforcing that request despite her obvious lack of desire for his company. Honestly, the set code of conduct as required by the society make people do things if they had a choice to refuse they would do without a blink. Nevertheless, the repercussions of refusing to act as required leave you with no other choice but to act (Austen 1813, pg. 15). Austen examines the numerous strains sandwiched between desires and â€Å"unanimously approved† like

Product Life Cycle of Nokia Essay Example for Free

Product Life Cycle of Nokia Essay INTRODUCTION In the present context, managing has become one of the most important areas of human activity because of increasing role of large and complex organisations in the society. Because of their increasing role, the organisations have attracted the attention of both practitioners and academicians to find out the solutions for business problems. Concept Defining the term management precisely is not so simple because the term management is used in a variety of ways. Being a new discipline, it has drawn concepts and principles from a number of disciplines such as economics, sociology, psychology, anthropology, statistics and so on. Each group of contributors has treated management differently. For example, economists have treated management as a factor of production; sociologists have treated it as a class or group of persons; practitioners have treated it as a process comprising different activities. DEFINITION â€Å"Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups† Koontz â€Å"Management is the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it is done in the best and cheapest way† – F.W. Taylor â€Å"Management is the art of securing maximum results with minimum effort so as to secure maximum prosperity and happiness for both employer and employee and give the public the best possible service† John Mee. â€Å"Management is the accomplishment of results through the efforts of other people† Lawrence â€Å"Management is simply the process of decision making and control over the action of human beings for the expressed purpose of attaining predetermined goals† – Stanley V. â€Å"Management is a process involving planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling human efforts to achieve stated objectives in an organization.† From the above definitions, the following features are identified:1) Organised Activities: Management is a process of organized activities. Without organized activities, two groups of people cannot be involved in the performance of activities. Where a group of people are involved in working towards a common objective, management comes into existence. 2) Existence of objectives: The existence of objectives is a basic criterion of e very human organization because all organizations are deliberate and purposive creation and, therefore, they should have Introduction to Management some objectives. Without objectives, it becomes difficult to define the direction where organized group of activities would lead to. 3) Relationship among resources: Organised activities meant to achieve common goals are brought about to establish certain relationships about the available resources. Resources include money, machine, material, men and methods. All these resources are made available to those who manage the organization. Managers apply knowledge, experience, principles for getting the desired results. Thus, the essence of management is integration of various organisational resources. 4) Working with and through people: Management involves working with people and getting organisational objectives achieved through them. The idea of working through people is interpreted in terms of assigning and reassigning of activities to subordinates. 5) Decision Making: Management process involves decision making at various levels for getting things done through people. Decision making basically involves selecting the most appropriate alternative out of the several. If there is only one alternative, there is no question of decision making. Nature of Management: The study and application of management techniques in managing the affairs of the organization have changed its nature over a period of time. The following points will describe the nature of management 1) Multidisciplinary: Management has been developed as a separate discipline, but it draws knowledge and concepts from various disciplines like psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, statistics, operations research etc.,. Management integrates the idea and concepts taken from these disciplines and presents newer concepts which can be put into practice for managing the organisations 2) Dynamic nature of Principles: Principle is a fundamental truth which establishes cause and effect relationships of a function. Based on integration and supported by practical evidences, management has framed certain principles. However, these principles are flexible in nature and change with the changes in the environment in which an organization exists. 3) Relative, Not absolute Principles: Management principles are relative, not absolute, and they should be applied according to the need of the organization. Each organization may be different from others. The difference may exist because of time, place, socio-cultural factors, etc.,. 4) Management: Science or Art: There is a controversy whether management is science or art. An art is personal skill of business affairs. Art is characterized by practical knowledge, personal creativity and skill. The more one practices an art, the more professional one becomes. Management can be considered as an art because it satisfies all these criterion of an art. A science is a systematized body of knowledge of facts. It can establish cause-and-effect relationships among various factors. It involves basic principles, which are capable of universal application. Management can be considered as science because it satisfies all these criterion of a science. Introduction to Management 5) Management as profession: Management has been regarded as a profession by many while many have suggested that it has not achieved the status of a profession. Profession refers to a vocation or a branch of advanced learning such as engineering or medicine. 6) Universality of management: Management is a universal phenomenon. However, management principles are not universally applicable but are to be modified according to the needs of the situation. Importance of Management Management has been important to the daily lives of people and to the organisations. The importance of management may be traces with the following. 1) Effective utilisation of Resources: Management tries to make effective utilisation of various resources. The resources are scarce in nature and to meet the demand of the society, their contribution should be more for the general interests of the society. Management not only decides in which particular alternative a particular resource should be used, but also takes actions to utilize it in that particular alternative in the best way. 2) Development of Resources: Management develops various resources. This is true with human as well as non-human factors. Most of the researchers for resource development are carried on in an organized way and management is involved in these organized activities. 3) It ensures continuity in the organization: Continuity is very important in the organisations. Where there are no proper guidelines for decision making continuity can not be guaranteed. It is quite natural that new people join while some others retire or leave the organization. It is only management that keeps the organization continuing. 4) Integrating various interest groups: In the organized efforts, there are various interest groups and they put pressure over other groups for maximum share in the combined output. For example, in case of a business organization, there are various pressure groups such as shareholders, employees, govt. etc. these interest groups have pressure on an organization. Management has to balance these pressures from various interest groups. 5) Stability in the society: Management provides stability in the society by changing and modifying the resources in accordance with the changing environment of the society. In the modern age, more emphasis is on new inventions for the betterment of human beings. These inventions make old systems and factors mostly obsolete and inefficient. Management provides integration between traditions and new inventions, and safeguards society from the unfavorable impact of these inventions so that continuity in social process is maintained. Functions of Management:To achieve the organisational objectives managers at all levels of organization should perform different functions. A function is a group of similar activities. Introduction to Management The list of management functions varies from author to author with the number of functions varying from three to eight. Writers Henry Fayol Luther Gullick R. Davis Management Functions Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling POSDCORD- Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Directing Planning , Organising, Controlling Planning, Organising, Motivating, Coordinating, Controlling Planning, Organising, Staffing, Leading, Controlling Koontz Different authors presented different variations. By combining some of functions, these are broadly grouped into Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, and Controlling. 1) Planning: Planning is the conscious determination of future course of action. This involves why an action, what action, how to take action, and when to take action. Thus, planning includes determination of specific objectives, determining projects and programs, setting policies and strategies, setting rules and procedures and prepar ing budgets. 2) Organising: Organising is the process of dividing work into convenient tasks or duties, grouping of such duties in the form of positions, grouping of various positions into departments and sections, assigning duties to individual positions, and delegating authority to each positions so that the work is carried out as planned. It is viewed as a bridge connecting the conceptual idea developed in creating and planning to the specific means for accomplishment these ideas. 3) Staffing: Staffing involves manning the various positions created by the organizing process. It includes preparing inventory of personal available and identifying the sources of people, selecting people, training and developing them, fixing financial compensation, appraising them periodically etc. 4) Directing: when people are available in the organization, they must know what they are expected to do in the organization. Superior managers fulfill this requirement by communicating to subordinates about their expected behavior. Once subordinates are oriented, the superiors have continuous responsibility of guiding and leading them for better work performance and motivating them to work with zeal and enthusiasm. Thus, directing includes communicating, motivating and leading. 5) Controlling: Controlling involves identification of actual results, comparison of actual results with expected results as set by planning process, identification of deviations between the two, if any, and taking of corrective action so that actual results match with expected results. Introduction to Management TAYLOR SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT The concept of scientific management was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in USA in the beginning of 20th century. â€Å"Scientific management is concerned with knowing exactly what you want to do and then see in that they do it in the best and cheapest way† Since Taylor has put the emphasis on solving managerial problems in a scientific way, often, he is called as father of scientific management and his contributions as the principles of scientific management. Taylor carried experiments about how to increase the efficiency of people. On the basis of experiments, he published many papers and books and all his contributions were compiled in his book â€Å"scientific management†. His contributions are divided into two parts. Elements and tools of scientific management Principles of scientific management FEATURES / ELEMENTS AND TOOLS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 1) Separation of planning doing: Taylor emphasized the separation of planning aspect from actual doing of the work. In other words planning should be left to the supervisor and the worker should concentrate only operational work. 2) Functional foremanship: Taylor introduced the concept of functional foremanship based on specialization of functions. In this system, eight persons are involved to direct the activities of workers. Out of these four persons are concerned with planning viz., route clerk, instruction card clerk, time and cost clerk and disciplinarian. The remaining four persons are concerned with doing aspect of the job, viz., speed boss, inspector, gang boss and maintenance foreman. It is against to the principle of unity of command.

The Role of Media on Middle Eastern Conflicts Essay example -- News Co

The Role of Media on Middle Eastern Conflicts 'By now, all of us realize that there is a high powered media campaign aimed at promoting the war on Iraq and shaping the views of the American people, relying on media-savvy political strategy to sell the administration's priorities and policies' 'Systematic sources of bias in TV coverage of international affairs not only distort information, but can also restrict citizens' awareness and options, and thereby produce more social control. The focus here is on the way TV news formats can limit, constrain, and distort information about terrorism.' The relationships between countries in the Middle East and with the West have never been ones of peace or tranquility, and in recent years these relationships seem to be headed in a downward spiral. Currently, there has been an increasingly intense clash between the citizens of all societies that is largely a reaction against what is perceived through the news media about the other society. While the general public goes about watching their favorite nightly news broadcasts, they are unaware that the very knowledge they hope will educate them about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the War in Iraq, is actually one of the primary factors leading to the strain between our two differing societies. This is largely the result of the way news coverage is produced and presented in the United States, the Middle East, and around the world. In the United States, there are many facets that determine how news about the Middle East is produced and presented. Ultimately, these news reports deter mine how the American people view Middle East societies and unfortunately, how they view people of Middle Eastern ethnicity within the United States.... ...s without the possibility of individual bias, people around the world cannot attain an accurate depiction and thus a truly educated understanding of world affairs. This lack of knowledge leads to a host of consequences, one of which is the violence that comes from those naà ¯ve to that which is different. As well, an increased sense of apathy toward government policies and our administrative leaders has enveloped our country because a majority of the American public is aware of the faulty nature of our media system. As a result of the multitude of structural problems that plague the media system, which include all of the examples presented here, people?s perceptions about the conflicts in the Middle East, both the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the war in Iraq, are skewed and are an inherent cause of the continued clashes resulting from misconceptions about others.

Accounting In China Essay

1. Introduction †¢ China’s rapid economic growth in the past two decades has amazed the rest of the world. †¢ With China’s accession to the WTO, business activities with and within China will further expand. †¢ China fully understands that a sound financial reporting system plays a key role in the process of economic development. †¢ The Chinese Ministry of Finance (MoF), who has the responsibility for regulating accounting matters in China, has set itself the objectives of fostering investors’ confidence in financial information, increase transparency of financial reporting, and harmonize with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), so as to reduce the costs of raising capital by enterprises and alleviate the risk of financial crisis. 2. History Of Development †¢ The old accounting and regulations were designed to meet the needs of a planned economy, and therefore focused on whether the production goals of state-owned enterprises and their financial and costs plans were being met. †¢ Accordingly, the objectives of accounting and performance measurement some twenty years ago were significantly different from the financial reporting objectives in a modern market oriented economy. †¢ Significant accounting reforms were undertaken in the past two decades due to several factors such as: âž ¢ Since China opened its door to foreign investments in 1979, the rapid growth of its economy, international trade and securities markets has shaped new objectives for financial reporting. âž ¢ State-owned enterprises now look a lot like profit-oriented businesses, and managers and other users need reliable and relevant financial information on which to base decisions about the efficient allocation of capital. âž ¢ At the same time, china has reached out to the international community to form joint ventures and gain greater access to the latest technologies and the world’s capital markets. See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay †¢ In the 1980s, the MoF issued the first set of accounting regulation, which was formulated by reference to international accounting practice, for joint ventures in China. †¢ In 1992, due to rapid development of the Chinese securities market, the accounting System for Experimental Joint Stock Limited Enterprises was promulgated by the MoF in order to standardised accounting practice and disclosures by listed companies. This System was subsequently replaced by the Accounting System for Joint Stock Limited Enterprises (JSLE) in 1998. †¢ The 1992 regulation moved away from the traditional fund-based Soviet accounting model and incorporated many common Western accounting practices. †¢ In the same year, the MoF promulgated the Accounting Regulations for Foreign Investment Enterprises (FIE), the Accounting Regulations for Share Enterprises. †¢ In 1993 the Basic Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises came into force. It imposes some basic rules (e.g. that double entry bookkeeping must be used, that a cash or funds statement must be included in the financial statements, and that consolidated financial statements must be provided where appropriate); set out a conceptual framework of China accounting and make some detailed rules of financial reporting. †¢ The conceptual framework introduced on a broader scope new accounting concepts and essential elements of financial statements that were in many respects based on international practices. †¢ The conceptual framework aspects of the regulation are reasonably close to US and IASC precedents. †¢ However, these pronouncements were still found to have essential differences with international practice such as limited disclosure of financial information for the users to understand the results and financial position of the reporting enterprise. †¢ Another difference is that the regulation does not specifically identify the primary user or purpose of financial statements. Instead, a hierarchy of users includes the government, banks, the public and an enterprise’s own management. †¢ This is very different from the US or IASB which emphasis on financial decision making by outside investors. †¢ In addition, the ASBE is based on historical cost without the revaluation allowed in IASB or UK rules or the increasing use of fair value in IASB/US/UK rules. †¢ Furthermore, ‘substance over form’ is not established as a principle in China. 3. The New Accounting Standards And Accounting System (Development after 1993). †¢ In 1993, with funding from the World Bank (US$2.6 million), the MoF engaged Deloitte Touchee Tohmatsu (DTT) as consultants to develop a body of Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) broadly in line with accounting and financial reporting practices used internationally. †¢ Exposure Drafts on about 30 standards have since been published between 1994 and 1996, and they were generally closely in line with the standards of the IASC. †¢ In 1997, the first standard was issued. It is on disclosure of relationships and transactions with related parties. †¢ In the same year, China joined the IASC, and became an official observer at Board meetings. †¢ In October 1998, an Accounting Standards Committee (CASC) was founded within China’s MoF. It comprises academics and members of accounting firms as well as government experts. †¢ In 1998, the Ministry of Finance issued the Accounting System for Joint Stock Limited Enterprises (JSLE) to replace the accounting System for Experimental joint Stock Limited Enterprises in order to standardise accounting practice and disclosures by listed companies. †¢ In 2000, DTT was reappointed as consultants for the second phase of the project. †¢ China accounting has achieved remarkable progress in unifying its accounting practices since Year 2001. †¢ In the same year, MoF issued a new comprehensive Accounting System for Business Enterprise (the ‘System’). The new System replaced the Accounting System for JSLE form January 1, 2002. †¢ In other words, all JSLE (including all listed enterprise) and FIE are now required to follow one unified new System. The system introduces the concept of substance over form and extends the requirement for consideration to all assets. †¢ The MoF plans to ultimately require all medium-size and large enterprises (other than financial enterprises) to adopt the new System, and announced its expectation that state-owned enterprise will adopt the new system over time. †¢ When fully implemented, the new System will replace the numerous inconsistent industry accounting regulations, enabling the financial statements of different types of enterprises to become more comparable. 4. Impact Of The New Systems On FIE †¢ Before adopting the new System, FIE’s financial statements which were prepared in accordance with the Accounting Regulation for FIE could not properly reflect the enterprise’s actual financial position and operating results, the enterprise had to make numerous adjustments when they compile financial statements under overseas accounting standards, such as IAS and US GAAP. †¢ The process was time consuming and imposed additional cost of investment to the foreign investors. †¢ After the adoption of the new System, the differences between FIE’s financial statements under PRC GAAP and those prepared in accordance with international accounting practices will reduce further, thereby enabling the foreign investors to assess the performance of their investments more efficiently. 5. China Accounting Standards Convergence With IFRS †¢ The importance and acceptance of IFRS has increased significantly over the past few years. †¢ While actively pursuing convergence with IFRS, the MoF necessarily has to ensure that accounting standards appropriately address the national circumstances that exist during this transitional period in the economy. âž ¢ A very significant portion of the economy is dominated by state owned enterprises. Even after enterprises are restructured into joint stock enterprise and branched out from the government structure, functional or regional government that remain stakeholders still exert significant influences over the enterprises and their trading partners and their transactions. âž ¢ Free markets are not sufficiently developed in many areas. âž ¢ Financial statements are multi-functional, serving not only the needs of the investors but also other interested parties including the State for supervisory and management purposes. âž ¢ Enterprises and professional intermediaries such as auditors and valuers are at a developing stage. During this transitional period, accounting standards must be realistically implementable by the preparers and auditors of financial statements. †¢ On 16 February 2006, the Chinese Ministry of Finance and the International Accounting Standards Board formally announced that Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) will converge with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on 1 January 2007. †¢ Converging CAS with IFRS is one of many successful initiatives undertaken by the PRC government over the past global economy. †¢ Investors, analysts, regulators and other interested parties in recent years have been increasingly demanding more consistent and reliable financial reporting from companies around the world. †¢ The adoption and consistent application of accounting standards based on IFRS principles is widely viewed as a commitment to transparent financial reporting by these constituents. Transparent financial reporting is considered as the foundation of investor confidence. †¢ The process of convergence has been started way back in November 2005 when several meetings had been held between MoF and board members of IASB. †¢ The process of convergence will involve integrating the IFRS principles into CAS and will result in the amendment of all existing standards and the issuance of an additional 22 Specific standards. †¢ While the revised CAS will not reflect a literal translation of IFRS, their scope will include all IFRS principles. In additional, they will contain interpretive guidance to address the accounting for specific types of transaction (e.g. combinations of companies under common control) and industry accounting issues (e.g. extraction of petroleum and natural gas). †¢ The new CAS will comprise 1 basic standard and 38 specific standards. †¢ The revised CAS will first be applied to listed companies from 1 January 2007 and gradually applied to other types of entities. †¢ There will be differences between the revised CAS and IFRS to reflect unique circumstances in China. †¢ These differences, among other things, relate to: a. A prohibition of the reversal of asset impairment once it has been made; b. The accounting for certain government grants; c. Related party disclosures between State owned enterprises that have no direct investment relationship. 6. Challenges faced by China in converging with IFRS. †¢ The effect of changing accounting policies involves some efforts such as: âž ¢ Re-designing the financial reporting process to ensure that management has sufficient reliable financial information with which to prepare financial statements that comply with the standards, particularly in regards to the increased levels of disclosure required, and properly supports critical accounting estimates and judgements. âž ¢ The people involved in the financial reporting process will need to develop a new expertise and competency in applying revised CAS. âž ¢ Developing new accounting policy manual; integrating new CAS internal management reporting (budgeting, forecasting, performance measurement) and external reporting (financial, statutory, investor) into daily operations across the organization. âž ¢ Implementing ongoing and sustainable processes such as valuations of share options and derivatives, impairment testing hedge documentation and effectiveness testing, etc. âž ¢ Require identification of new data requirements due to financial statements and disclosure requirements. âž ¢ Train the head office and business units of the new reporting requirements. âž ¢ Provide training to finance and also non-finance staff including key management (e.g. finance, treasury, tax, human resource and sales) on new CAS principles and new reporting requirements. THE NEW SYSTEM OF CHINESE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Key features and impact of the new accounting standards 1. The new accounting standards represent convergence with International financial Reporting Standards. †¢ Most of the newly issued standards and revised standards make reference to the equivalent IFRS and adopt the principles and treatments similar to its counterpart. †¢ As a result, the financial statements prepared in accordance with the New Accounting Standards will be more comparable with those prepared in accordance with IFRS. †¢ Overseas investors and users of financial statements will understand the financial statements of Chinese enterprise better and the cost of re-preparing financial statements for Chinese enterprises when getting overseas listing will be reduced. 2. The requirement of fair value measurement †¢ Under the new accounting standards, debt restructuring and no-monetary transactions will be measured at fair value and gains that meet certain criteria will be recognized in the income statement. †¢ Whereas before the revision, those transactions were carried at book value and any gains arising from those transactions were not allowed to be recognized. †¢ In practice, the determination of fair values may not be easy for many entities and various valuation techniques are required. 3. Specify accounting treatments for important accounting issues such as business combinations and consolidated financial statement. †¢ In the past, there was neither formal accounting standards nor comprehensive and detailed guidelines in the area of business combinations and consolidated financial statements. †¢ As a result, accounting treatments for similar business combination transactions may have varied across different enterprises causing much confusion and inconsistency. †¢ Therefore, the issuance of the standards on â€Å"Business Combination† and â€Å"Consolidated Financial statement† will provide comprehensive and more authoritative provisions and guidelines on these important accounting issues. 4. Specify treatments on new accounting issues and certain previously off-balance-sheet items will be recorded in the balance sheet †¢ Derivative financial instruments will be recognized on the balance sheet instead of only being disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. †¢ All shares and share options granted to employees to be measured at fair value and expensed in the income statement. 5. Standards relevant to important specialized industries †¢ The New Accounting Standards will include a number of standards that are relevant to those specialized industries. †¢ For example, the four standards on â€Å"Financial Instruments† will have an impact on accounting practices in various financial institutions. †¢ The standards on â€Å"Direct Insurance Contract† and â€Å"Re-insurance Contracts† will affect players in the insurance sectors. †¢ The â€Å"Extraction of Petroleum and Natural Gas† and â€Å"Biological Assets† are standards that are issued specifically for enterprises operating in the petroleum and gas industry and agriculture industry respectively. 6. Impairment of Assets †¢ The previous accounting regulations in China allow the reversal of impairment under certain circumstances. †¢ However, under the new standard, it specifies that any recognized impairment loss for fixed assets and intangible assets cannot be reversed in future accounting periods. †¢ The restriction on impairment loss reversal does not apply to inventories, trade receivables and bank loans. 7. More detailed requirements on disclosure †¢ The new standards provide users of financial statements with more relevant and transparent information, which will facilitate their economic decision-making. †¢ For instances, in respect of accounting policies and accounting estimates, the basis for the determination of significant accounting policies and accounting estimates is required to be disclosed. †¢ In relation to financial instruments, a detailed disclosure on the enterprise’s financial risk exposure is now required. 8. Transitional adjustments †¢ The New Accounting Standards were applicable to listed companies effective from 1 January 2007. †¢ The MOF has issued transitional provisions which are included in the standard on â€Å"First Time Adoption of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises†. †¢ The standard requires that at the date of transaction, an entity should reclassify, recognize and measure all assets, liabilities and owners’ equity in accordance with the New Accounting Standards and prepare an opening balance sheet. †¢ These transitional provisions may reduce the workload and complexities for preparers’ adoption of the New Accounting Standards.

Shippai in Translation

The Japanese word shippai,  pronounced sh-pay, is a common word that means failure, or a mistake. I may also generally indicate being unsuccessful at something. Explore more about this word below. Japanese Characters Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã¦â€¢â€" 㠁â€"㠁 £Ã£  ±Ã£ â€ž Example Shippai wa seikou no moto. (proverb)Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã¦â€¢â€"㠁 ¯Ã¦Ë† Ã¥Å Å¸Ã£  ®Ã¥â€¦Æ'。 Translation:  Failure is a stepping-stone to success. Antonym seikou æˆ Ã¥Å Å¸